Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and functional impairment, posing significant challenges globally. This review synthesizes current knowledge on AD, emphasizing its neuropathological underpinnings, prevalence trends, genetic and environmental risk factors, early diagnostic criteria, and evolving treatment strategies. AD pathology involves the aggregation of amyloid beta and tau proteins, leading to neuronal dysfunction and cognitive decline. Genetic factors, including mutations in APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APOE4 alleles, significantly influence disease susceptibility. Environmental factors such as heavy metals and lifestyle choices also contribute to AD risk. Early detection through biomarker assessments and advanced imaging techniques allows for timely intervention, potentially slowing disease progression and reducing healthcare costs. Current treatment options include symptomatic management with cholinesterase inhibitors and emerging disease-modifying therapies targeting amyloid beta accumulation. Challenges persist in developing effective therapies due to the blood-brain barrier's limitations and complexities in AD pathology. The increasing global prevalence of dementia underscores the urgency for equitable access to diagnostics and treatments, particularly in low- and middle-income countries facing disproportionate burdens. Future research directions aim to enhance early detection strategies, refine treatment modalities, and overcome barriers to effective drug delivery, offering hope for mitigating the growing impact of AD on individuals and society.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, neurodegeneration, amyloid beta, tau proteins, biomarkers, genetics, environmental factors, early diagnosis, treatment strategies